Abstract The authors measured plasma carotenoid levels in three insectivorous bird species, the pied flycatcher ( Ficedula hypoleuca), the blue tit ( Cyanistes caeruleus), and the great tit ( Parus major) in metal-polluted and unpolluted sites around a copper smelter. Their aim was to determine whether there was interspecific, age-related, or yearly variation in carotenoid levels and their responses to the ambient pollution level.

The three bird species showed qualitatively and quantitatively similar carotenoid profiles, with lutein being always the predominant plasma carotenoid. Ficedula hypoleuca nestlings showed higher plasma carotenoid levels in the unpolluted than in the polluted area, whereas no significant differences were found in F. Hypoleuca females or in nestlings or females of the Parids. Yearly comparison of plasma concentrations (only for P.

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Major nestlings) showed, however, that levels varied nonsynchronously between polluted and unpolluted sites among the breeding seasons, with the yearly variation being higher in the polluted area. The survival of nestlings did not depend on their plasma carotenoid concentrations. The two Parid species showed lower nestling survival at sites with high metal exposure levels.

The authors conclude that plasma carotenoid levels showed a marked spatial, temporal, and age-related variation, but were not directly related to heavy metal exposure or the reproductive success of birds. © 2012 SETAC. Star Wars Rebels Season 3 Episode 15 Toonova there.

Innovative processes for treating industrial wastewater containing heavy metals often involve technologies for reduction of toxicity in order to meet technology-based treatment standards. This article reviews the recent developments and technical applicability of various treatments for the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. A particular focus is given to innovative physico-chemical removal processes such as; adsorption on new adsorbents, membrane filtration, electrodialysis, and photocatalysis. Their advantages and limitations in application are evaluated. The main operating conditions such as pH and treatment performance are presented.

Published studies of 94 cited references (1999–2008) are reviewed. It is evident from survey that new adsorbents and membrane filtration are the most frequently studied and widely applied for the treatment of metal-contaminated wastewater. However, in the near future, the most promising methods to treat such complex systems will be the photocatalytic ones which consume cheap photons from the UV-near visible region.

They induce both degradation of organic pollutants and recovery of metals in one-pot systems. On the other hand, from the conventional processes, lime precipitation has been found as one of the most effective means to treat inorganic effluent with a metal concentration of >1000 mg/L. It is important to note that the overall treatment cost of metal-contaminated water varies, depending on the process employed and the local conditions. In general, the technical applicability, plant simplicity and cost-effectiveness are the key factors in selecting the most suitable treatment for inorganic effluent • Previous article in issue • Next article in issue.